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extract, click here
See also: The World of Oilseeds
with a Click of the Mouse know all the happenings on oilseeds from
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Sections in this site
- Oilseeds & Fixed Oils
- Chemistry & Structure of
Fixed Oils
- Uses of Plant Oils
- Oilseed Majors
- Oilseeds News & Updates
- More Oilseeds Industry
Reference & Resources
- More Plant Oil References
Oilseeds & Fixed
Oils
Fixed oils are oils obtained from plants that are fatty,
dense and non-volatile, such as olive and sweet almond oil. This is in
contrast to essential oils which are volatile in nature. Some of the
prominent fixed oils are almond oil, castor oil, coconut oil etc. The term
vegetable oils is normally used interchangeably with the term fixed oils.
Fixed oils are derived from seeds, nuts & vegetables.
The major oilseeds are soybeans, rapeseed, cottonseed, sunflowerseed,
groundnut, palm, copra, sesame, linseed & castorseed, maize oil and coconut
oil ( see here for worldwide
statistics of major oilseeds)
Oils obtained from oilseeds are also known as fixed oils,
as against the essential oils which are more volatile.
The primary oilseeds & fixed oils are: Soybeans,
Rapeseed, Sunflowerseed, Peanut, Cottonseed, Copra, Palm Kernel (Seed,
Meal, Oil) Palm Oil, Olive Oil.
..
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Fixed Oils & Oilseeds Links
Links for Primary Oilseeds:
Oil Extraction & Production from Oilseeds
Oilseeds processing & oil
extraction comprise the following processes:
- Storage of oilseeds
- Protection
of Farm-stored Grains, Oilseeds & Pulses (PDF)
- Cleaning of the oilseeds
- Removing the husk or seed coating and separating the
seeds from the chaff
- Heating the seed
- Equipment
to Heat Oilseeds from FAO
- Extracting oil with an oil press, expeller or mortal
& pestle
- Principles
of Oil Extraction from ITDG (PDF)
- Extraction
of Oil from Oilseeds by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (PDF)
- Kinetics
& Thermodynamics of Oil Extraction from Sunflower Seeds in the Presence
of Acidic Aqueous Hexane Solutions (PDF)
- Small-scale
Oil Extraction from Groundnuts & Copra
- Extracted oil purification
- Storing the purified oil
- The Food
Storage FAQ Fats & Oils
- Storing Fats
& Oils
Lipids
Lipids in everyday terminology refer to fats and fat-like
substances, and include sterols, fatty acids and related substances.
Lipids are a class of
hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds essential for the structure and
function of living cells. Lipids are characterized by being water-insoluble
and soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as ether. Lipids are usually
aliphatic but they can have rings in their structure.
Although the word lipid
is commonly used as a synonym to fat, fats belong to a subgroup of
triglyceride lipids.
Most fixed oils from oilseeds contain lipids, usually in
the form of triglycerides. Lipids may be accumulated in oilseeds in one or
both types of seed tissue the embryo or the endosperm. In oilseeds such as
sunflower, linseed or rapeseed, it is accumulated in the cotyledons of the
embryo. In species such as castor bean, coriander or carrot, the endosperm is
the main site of lipid accumulation. An example of a plant in which lipids
occur both in the embryo & the endosperm is tobacco (this
definition is courtesy Plant
Oils & Fats Page of Cyberlipid.org).
·
Fatty Acids from SV Lele
·
CSIC Spanish Institute
of Fats & Oils
·
Cyberlipid Center
(see also: Plant Oils
& Fats from Cyber Lipid)
·
DGF
German Society for Fat Science
·
EFL: European Federation for the Science
and Technology of Lipids (Euro Fed Lipid)
·
Euro Fed Lipid (In German)
·
Chilean Corporation of Oils and Fats
(CORCHIGA)
·
Ban Trans Fats
·
Links to Fatty Places
·
Netherlands Oils, Fats & Oilseeds
Trade Association
·
Euro Lipids International Trade
Fair for Fats & Oils & Related Technologies
·
Japan Oil
Chemists Society
·
ISSFAL:
International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids
·
Lipid
Bank for Web Database, Japan
·
Lipidforum - Nordic Forum for Lipid
Research and Technology
·
Lipids
Analysis Unit, part of Scottish Crop Research Institute
·
Lipid
Technology & Enzymology
·
The
American Oil Chemists Society
·
Plant Oils & Fats
Cyberlipid.org
·
Lipids,
Fats & Oils Opportunities & Responsibilities in the New Century
(PDF)
Chemistry &
Structure of Fixed Oils
Fixed oils from seeds, nuts & vegetables are typically
composed of triglyceride molecules (also known as triacylglycerol or triacylglyceride). A
triglyceride is a glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three
fatty acids - a triglyceride is typically composed of a 3-carbon alcohol
(glycerol) plus three 18-carbon (or 16-carbon) fatty acids. The 18-carbon
fatty acids are Linoleic acid, Stearic acid & Oleic acid.
- Glycerol + Three Fatty Acids
= A Fat Molecule (Triglyceride)
- Linoleic Acid
Polyunsaturated: 2 Double Bonds In The Molecule
- Stearic Acid Saturated: All
Single Bonds Between Atoms Of Carbon
- Oleic Acid Monounsaturated: 1
Double Bond between Carbons 9 & 10
The fatty acids may be saturated (with all single bonds),
mono-unsaturated (with one double bond) or polyunsaturated (with 2 or more
double bonds). Plant fatty acids are usually unsaturated and liquid at room temperature,
with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms (mono-unsaturated and
polyunsaturated). A notable exception is the palm fatty acid palmitin
which is saturated and contains 16 rather than 18 carbon atoms. Since the
plant fatty acids are unsaturated, the plant oils it is liquid at room
temperature.
See also: Triglycerides from Wikipedia,
Linoleic Acid from Wikipedia,
Stearic Acid from Wikipedia,
Oleic Acid
Physical & Chemical Properties, Fats, Oils,
Fatty Acids, Triglycerides Chemical Structure, See also: Food, Fats & Oils from ISEO
(PDF)
Cis & Trans Fatty Acids
Fatty acid isomers containing
double bonds may have the cis or trans configuration. In cis fatty acids, all
the hygrogen atoms adjacent to the double bonds are on the same side of the
longitudinal carbon axis. In trans fatty acids, the hygrogen atoms adjacent
to the double bonds occur on alternate sides of the main axis.
The trans configuration is
chemically more stable. It is typically produced during partial hydrogenation
of polyunsaturated vegetable oils.
Trans fatty acids tend to raise the level of low density
lipoproteins (LDLs = bad) and lower the level of high density lipoproteins (HDLs
= good). These changes in blood lipids (cholesterol levels) may increase the
risk of heart disease (atherosclerosis) in some people. Dieticians generally
recommend the use of mono-unsaturated, unhydrogenated oils and the avoidance
of trans fatty acids found in french fries, cookies and crackers.
Unsaturated fatty acids found in plant oils and seeds are
typically omega-6 fatty acids, in which the first double bond is located on
the sixth carbon atom, counting backwards from right to left. Omega-3 fatty
acids in which the first double bond in on carbon #3 - are prevalent in
fish oils and flax seeds.
Uses of Plant Oils
Oilseed Majors
The major countries that are producers of oilseeds are USA,
Malaysia, Indonesia, India, EU-15 Countries, China, Central Europe, Canada, Brazil
& Argentina
Top Producers of Oilseeds ( in
alphabetical order)
Soybean
Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China,
CIS, EU-25, India, Japan, S Korea, Taiwan, US
Rapeseed
Australia, Canada, China, CIS,
EU-25, India, Japan, US
Sunflower
Argentina, China, CIS, EU-25, US
Palm
China, EU-25, India, Indonesia, Malaysia
Peanut
Argentina, Canada, China, EU-25, India,
Mexico, US
Oilseeds & Essential Oils
International Trade Links
Plant Oils in USA
· US
Oilseeds Supply & Distribution from USDA
· Vvalue of US
Exports of Selected Oilseeds & Products University of Texas (PDF)
· Lesquerella
& Vernonia Oilseeds for Arid Lands
Plant Oils in Malaysia
· Development of
Environment-friendly Insect Repellants from Leaf Oils of Selected Australian
Plants (PDF)
· Malaysian Palm Oil Council
· Malaysian Palm Oil Board
· The
Price of Malaysias Palm Oil Expansion
Plant Oils in Indonesia
· Palm
Oil Production A Mainstay of North Sumatran Economy
Plant Oils in India
India is the worlds largest
importer of vegetable oils.
· Western Ghats
A Hotspot of Aromatic & Medicinal Plants
· Impact of Trade Liberalisation
on Indias Oilseeds & Edible Oils Sector (PDF)
Plant Oils in Europe
· The
Significance of Oilseeds within the Framework of the Future Agriculture
Policies of the EU (PDF)
· Oilseeds
in Eastern Europe
· The Impact of Rapeseed in Germany &
Europe
· History of
Soybeans & Soyfoods in Europe
· Review
of the Potential Uses of Plants Grown for Extracts & Oil UK Market
Study (PDF)
Plant Oils in China
· Overview
of China Oilseeds Market (PDF)
· Oilseeds
in China USDA Report (2000)
· China
Fibers & Oilseeds Statistics Cornell University
Plant Oils in Canada
· Essential
Oil Industry in Alberta, Canada
Plant Oils in Brazil
Plant Oils in Argentina
Plant Oils - Other Countries
· Australian Oilseeds Federation
· Essential
Oils Review Govt of Tasmania
· Producing Essential
Oils in West Africa
· New Crops &
Oilseeds from Ethiopia & Elsewhere
Oilseeds News &
Updates
The following web sites provide news and updates for plant
oils.
More Oilseeds Industry
Reference & Resources
Oilseeds
Edible Oils
Soyabeans
Oilmeals
More Plant Oil
References
· Fixed Oils from
Journey to Forever
· Plant
Oils Factsheet from EPA.gov, USA (see also: Plant
Oils Products)
· Horticultural Oils from
IPM of Alaska
· Plant Oils Could End
Latest Gas Crunch from How Stuff Works
· Vegetable Oils Yields
& Characteristics from Journey to Forever
· Using Vegetable Oil as
a Diesel Fuel from Vegetable Oil as Diesel, UK
· Altered Oil Content
Research Info from Cornell University
· Plant/Crop Based
Renewable Resources 2020 A Vision Paper (PDF)
· Adapting Vegetable
Oils to Suite Our Needs from EUFIC
· Vegetable Oils Plants for a
Future from PFAF.org
· Chinas Vegetable Oil Industry
from Agriculture & Agri-foods Department, Govt of Canada
· Vegetable
Oil Industry Market Info from Duke University
·
Brazil Association of Vegetable
Oil Industries
· Botanical Oil Research
Resources from University of Tennessee
· Vegetable Oil Resources from Oliomobile
· Links from Tree Oils India
· Castor
Oil Dictionary
· Lipids Online
· Association for International Trading in Oils,
Fats & Oilseeds
· European Association of Bio Industries
· Malaysian Oil Scientists and Technologists
Association (MOSTA)
· European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
· International Olive Oil Council
· CREOL France
· The American Oil Chemists Society
· AFECG - France
· FEDIOL
· FOSFA - The Federation
of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations
· ILPS - International
Lecithin & Phospholipid Society
· PROLEA - French Body
Comprising FOP, CETIOM, ONIDOL, UNIP, SOFIPROTEOL
· International Lecithin & Phospolipids Society
· Netherlands Oils, Fats and
Oilseeds Trade Association (NOFOTA)
· Clubs Oils & Fats, Netherlands
· Brazilian Association of
Vegetable Oil Industries ABIOVE
· Botanical
Material Used in the Manufacture of Essential Oils
· Dangerous Oils from
Elaines Aromatherapy
· Fat of the
Land Impact of Production & Consumption of Vegetable Oils on People
& the Environment (PDF)
· Vegetable
Oils, Fats & Waxes from Horticultural Section of Purdue University
· Types of (Oilseed) Oils
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